Active Band-Stop Filter Design

In this introductory project, we designed, simulated, and built a wideband active band-stop filter using LM324 op-amps. The filter was formed by combining RC high-pass and low-pass stages, targeting a stop-band between 1.35 kHz and 48.2 kHz. After verifying the circuit behavior through PSPICE simulations, we implemented it physically on a breadboard to observe its real-world frequency response.

This basic project helped bridge the gap between theory and practice, reinforcing key concepts like cutoff frequency, filter behavior, and op-amp limitations—while highlighting how classroom principles are applied in real analog circuits.